U.S. Citizenship

Overview

Becoming a U.S. citizen is the final step for many permanent residents. Citizenship brings the right to vote, a U.S. passport, and greater security, since U.S. citizens cannot be removed from the country.

Eligibility depends on factors such as how long you have been a permanent resident, how much of that time you were physically in the United States, and your personal history. Mistakes on an application can cause delays or denials, so careful preparation matters.

This may be for you if

• You have been a permanent resident for several years and want to know when you can apply
• You are married to a U.S. citizen and want to know whether a shorter timeline applies
• You have an arrest or conviction record, tax questions, or long trips abroad and are worried about eligibility
• You believe you may already be a citizen through a parent and need proof of it
• Your citizenship application was delayed or denied

How we can help

• Reviewing your eligibility and timing before you file
• Preparing and filing your naturalization application (Form N-400)
• Preparing you for the interview and the English and civics tests
• Addressing history that could affect good moral character, and advising on whether and when to apply
• Assisting with a certificate of citizenship (Form N-600) if you may have acquired citizenship through a parent

Common questions

How long do I have to be a permanent resident before I can apply?

Generally five years, or three years if you have been married to and living with a U.S. citizen spouse for that time and meet other requirements. There are additional rules on continuous residence and physical presence, and special rules for some military service members.

What does the process involve?

After you file, you attend a biometrics appointment and an interview with an immigration officer, where you take an English and civics test. If approved, you attend an oath ceremony. Timelines vary by location and workload.

Should I apply if I have an arrest or a past immigration problem?

Get advice first. Applying means the government reviews your whole history, and for some people that creates risk. We review your history before you file so you can decide with full information.

This page offers general information only. Every case is different, and outcomes cannot be guaranteed.